Fig. 3: Validation experiments.

a Schematic outline of stationary cycling tests. DBGS diffusion-based skin gas sensor. b Example time-synced data from Subject 1 (male, heavy body hair), showing absorbent swab sweat rates compared to continuous data streams from the DBGS with no ambient draft. c Example time-synced data from Subject 2 (male, light body hair), showing absorbent swab sweat rates compared to continuous data streams from the DBGS with variable drafts. d Coefficient of variation (COV) and Bland–Altman plots relating temporally matched swabbed sweat values with the averaged sweat rate for the 2-min period corresponding to each swab’s contact with skin. R2 coefficient of determination, RMSE root mean square error, RPC reproducibility coefficient, CV coefficient of variance, SD standard deviation.