Fig. 5: The impact of topographic relief on the inundation ratio at different precipitation levels.

a The topographic relief in 138 capitals; b correlation between topographic relief and economic level; correlation between inundation ratio and topographic relief at different precipitation levels, (c) ≤100 mm/d, (d) 100–200 mm/d, (e) >200 mm/d. The yellow dots represent the capitals of low- and middle-income countries, while the purple dots represent the capitals of high-income countries.