Fig. 5: Cycling experiments and mechanistic analysis of catalytic systems.

a Recycle CO2 reduction experiments of TPy and NPs-23k. b Energy diagram depicting the redox potentials of TPy, CAT, and BIH. *Ox and *Red represent excited state oxidation and reduction potentials, respectively. c Phosphorescence quenching of NPs-23k in simulated catalytic system, cNPs-23k = 10 μM. d The decay of NPs-23k at 500 nm, cNPs-23k = 10 μM. e Kinetic traces of reduced NPs-23k and reduced NPs-23k with different concentration of CAT at 500 nm. cNPs-23k = 10 μM, the numbers preceding BIH and CAT represent their relative equivalent to cNPs-23k. These spectra were recorded in CH3CN/H2O (v/v = 4/1) solution after pulsed excitation at 430 nm under argon atmosphere at room temperature. f Reduction mechanism in photocatalytic process.