Fig. 5: Cell wall adhesion mediated uptake enhancement and proposed mechnism of increased ROS generation. | Nature Communications

Fig. 5: Cell wall adhesion mediated uptake enhancement and proposed mechnism of increased ROS generation.

From: Eradicating fungal biofilm-based infections by ultrasound-assisted semiconductor sensitized upconversion photodynamic therapy

Fig. 5: Cell wall adhesion mediated uptake enhancement and proposed mechnism of increased ROS generation.

a Localization of ruthenium complex and UCNP@CR in fungi using confocal microscopy and super-resolution fluorescence microscopy; b The anti-fungal performance affected by cell wall disruption using lyticase and the impact of lyticase to UCNP@CR (980 nm, 0.5 W cm−2, 30 min; mean ± SD from n = 5 biological independent experiments); c The effect of cell wall disruption by lyticase on drug-fungal adhesion performance; d The singlet oxygen generation of Ru complex, UCNP@C and UCNP@CR detected by ABDA under 460 nm light irradiation (20 mW cm−2); e Fungal killing performance of Ru and UCNP@CR with/without light irradiation (460 nm, 20 mW cm−2, 30 min; mean ± SD from n = 3 biological independent experiments); f Impact of related active species quenchers on UCNP@CR photodynamic anti-fungal performance (mean ± SD from n = 3 biological independent experiments); g The valence band spectrum of the UCNP@C and UCNP@CR; h Linear voltammetry curve of UCNP@C; i Speculated mechanisms for the enhancement of reactive oxygen species generation. In b, e, f statistical test used for data analysis is one-way ANOVA with a Tukey post-hoc test. In a the experiments were repeated independently three times with similar results.

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