Fig. 1: Gene expression profiles and organellar organization during lactation are affected by mitochondrial haplotypes.

A–H RNA seq analysis was performed on 3-4 months old, estrus cycle matched non-lactating (NL) virgin female mice and 3-4 months old lactating (L) BL/6^C57 or BL/6^NZB female mice on day 8, 14 and 21 of lactation. Venn diagram indicating the number of genes significantly (adjusted P < 0.05) upregulated or downregulated either in BL/6^C57 or BL/6^NZB female mice at day 8, 14, 21 of lactation compared to their non lactating (NL) controls (n = 3 mice/group) (A, C, E, G). Graphs showing the trend of genes exclusively upregulated or downregulated at day 8, 14 and 21 in BL/6^C57 or BL/6^NZB mice (B, D, F, H). I Venn diagram indicating the number of genes significantly upregulated (p < 0.05) in BL/6^C57 mice or BL/6^NZB mice at day 21 of lactation compared to their non lactating (NL) control (n = 3 mice/group) (middle). The genes exclusively upregulated in BL/6^C57 or BL/6^NZB mice were subjected to pathway analysis using EnrichR and are represented in the graphs according to their combined score. All pathways shown are statistically significant. J Electron Microscopy was performed on the mammary glands of 3–4 months old BL/6^C57 or BL/6^NZB mice at day 10 and day 21 of lactation (n = 5 mice/group). Pictures were taken from 8 to 10 different sections per mice. The scale bar represents 500 nm or 200 nm. K Graph of milk volumes per gland collected from either 3–4 months old BL/6^C57 or BL/6^NZB mice on day 8, 14 and 21 of lactation. Student’s unpaired t test, two-tailed, ***p < 0.001 at Day 8; ***p < 0.0008 at Day 14 and ***p < 0.0004 at Day 21; mean ± SD; n = 6 mice/group. L Graph showing average weight of mice per litter at day 8, 14, 21 of lactation. Student’s unpaired t test, two-tailed; mean ± SD; n = 6 litters/group. Source data are provided as a Source Data file. Mice used in all experiments were 2–3 months old at the beginning of the experiments.