Fig. 6: Electrochemical performance of half-cells under different current densities and areal capacities.

Voltage profiles of half-cells cycled under 10 and 60 mA/cm2 with areal capacities of (a) 1 mAh/cm2 (before cycling, 5 mAh /cm2 of Zn are plated on Cu substrate under 10 and 60 mA/cm2, respectively) and c 5 mAh/cm2 (before cycling, 25 mAh /cm2 of Zn are plated on Cu substrate under 10 and 60 mA/cm2, respectively). b The detailed voltage profiles from 70 to 80 cycles in (a). d The Coulombic efficiency (CE) of half cells cycling under 10 and 60 mA/cm2. e Cycling performances of Cu | |Zn half-cells cycled under cycled continuously under 10 mA/cm2 (bottom plot) and 10 mA/cm2 for 40 cycles and 60 mA/cm2 for 10 cycles and then repeated in sequence (top plot). Both are cycled with an areal capacity of 2 mAh/cm². Prior to cycling, a Zn layer of 10 mAh/cm² was plated onto the Cu substrate at a current density of 60 mA/cm². f Zoom-in plots for detailed voltage profile are plotted in (e). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.