Fig. 4: Butane flame-based thermal protection experiments using both the STA and micro-pillared substrate.
From: Mitigating hypersonic heat barrier via direct cooling enhanced by leidenfrost inhibition
a Temperature curves for two utilized structures. The red curve represents the temperature trend for the micro-pillared structure. Its temperature breaks because the structure disintegrates as shown in the inset marked by red dotted line. b Digital images of the jet cooling upon the continuously heated STA for various experimental moments. The time here is coherent with that in (a). c Liquid impact dynamics upon micro-pillared substrate at above 600 °C. d Liquid impact dynamics upon the STA at above 600 °C. The moment of t = 0 in (c) and (d) represents the moment the syringe pump began to work. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
