Fig. 5: Cycling tests of the STA using the butane flame.
From: Mitigating hypersonic heat barrier via direct cooling enhanced by leidenfrost inhibition
a Temperature variation tendencies during nine consecutive thermal protection experiments. Insets show the typical states of the experiments. Starting from the seventh cycling experiment, dual flames instead of one flame was adopted for simulating the aerodynamic heating effect. b Liquid-solid contact dynamics during the second thermal protection experiment. c Liquid-solid contact at the right-hand side of the STA during the third thermal protection experiment. d Liquid-ash contact patterns during the last thermal protection experiment. The moment of t = 0 in (b), (c), and (d) represents the moment the syringe pump began to work in each cycle. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
