Fig. 2: Responses of ocean processes to African topography changes during boreal summer.
From: Miocene African topography induces decoupling of Somali Jet and South Asian summer monsoon rainfall
Changes in meridional wind at the equator (shading, m s-1) in the (a) MT25, (d) MT15 and (g) MT05 simulations compared to pre-industrial simulations, overlaid with their corresponding climatological means in pre-industrial simulations (contours; solid lines represent positive values). Black shading in (a−g) indicates African topography in Early Miocene, Middle Miocene and Late Miocene, respectively. b−h Same as (a−g) but for changes in sea surface temperature (SST; shading, °C), sea level pressure [contours; hPa; solid (dashed) lines represent the positive (negative) values], and 1000-hPa wind (vectors, m s-1). Gray stippling in (a–i) and vectors in (b−h) denote regions in which the changes are significant at the 95% confidence level according to Student’s t-test. c−i Same as (a−g) but for the changes in meridional averaged (10° S-5° N) ocean subsurface temperature (shading, °C), ocean vertical velocity [contours; cm s-1; solid (dashed) lines represent the upward (downward) motion], and thermocline represented by 23 °C isotherm [black (red) line indicates the thermocline in the pre-industrial (Miocene) simulation]. Vertical red and blue vector in (c) and (f) represent ocean upwelling and downwelling anomalies, respectively.
