Fig. 3: Responses of atmospheric circulation to an Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD)-like warming pattern during boreal summer.
From: Miocene African topography induces decoupling of Somali Jet and South Asian summer monsoon rainfall
Changes in vertical velocity (shading, -10-2 Pa s-1; the positive values indicate upward velocity) in the (a) MT25, (c) MT15 and (e) MT05 simulations relative to pre-industrial simulations, overlaid with the climatological mean of meridional (m s-1) and vertical wind (vectors) in pre-industrial simulations. b−f Same as (a−e) but for changes in moisture condensation (QL; shading; 10-2 m2 s-3; see Methods for details) at 500 hPa and horizontal wind at low-level troposphere (m s-1; averaged from 925 hPa to 700 hPa). Vertical red and blue vector in (a and c) represent anomalous upward and downward motion, respectively. Red bold vectors in (b and d) indicate the anomalous anticyclonic circulation. Solid boxes in (b, d and f) mark the South Asian summer monsoon (SASM) region. Only winds >0.2 m/s are shown. Gray stippling in (a−f) and vectors in (b−f) denote regions in which the changes are significant at the 95% confidence level according to Student’s t-test.
