Fig. 2: Dose-response relationship between deviation from HR and SBP targets and ICU mortality.

This figure depicts the association between haemodynamic deviation and ICU mortality using a dose-response framework. Analyses were based on the MIMIC-IV dataset and included patients who survived and remained in the ICU for at least 36 h post-admission. Two haemodynamic target sets were evaluated: personalised targets derived from the HM-TARGET time-dependent Cox model, and population-based fixed targets (HR of 80 bpm and SBP of 120 mmHg). a Patients were stratified into seven non-overlapping subgroups according to the number of sampled time points (6, 12, 18, 24, 30, and 36 h post-admission) at which their actual HR and SBP values fell within ±20% of the respective target values. Subgroup 0 included patients with no time points within range, and Subgroup 6 comprised patients whose values remained within range at all six time points. b, c The number of patients in each subgroup for personalised and population-based targets, respectively. d, e ICU mortality incidence across subgroups, showing a stepwise decrease in mortality with closer alignment to targets. f, g Odds ratios for mortality across subgroups, with Subgroup 6 serving as the reference, demonstrating a stronger association between closer adherence to personalised targets and reduced mortality risk compared with population-based targets. Source data are provided as a Source Data file. HR heart rate, SBP systolic blood pressure, ICU intensive care unit, HM-TARGET Haemodynamic Management by Time-Adaptive.