Fig. 6: Deviations from haemodynamic targets and associated vasopressor use patterns.

This figure illustrates the distribution of HR and SBP deviations from haemodynamic targets and their association with vasopressor use, based on patients from the MIMIC-IV dataset who survived and remained in the ICU for at least 36 h following admission (n = 28,863). Deviations are expressed as percentages, calculated as the relative difference between actual HR and SBP values and their respective targets—either personalised model-predicted targets (a) or population-based fixed targets (b)—at 36 h post-ICU admission. Each point represents a patient, coloured by vasopressor use (red: vasopressor used; blue: no vasopressor use). Vasopressor use was defined as the administration of any agent from the following list, individually or in combination: norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, phenylephrine, vasopressin, angiotensin II, terlipressin, methylene blue, metaraminol, hydroxocobalamin, or midodrine. Zero deviation lines for HR and SBP are labelled in panels a and b for clarity. The black square indicates the region corresponding to ±20% deviation from target values. c (personalised model-predicted targets) and d (population-based fixed targets) display patient counts across SBP deviation bins and the percentage of vasopressor use (black line) within each bin. Only SBP deviations are shown in panels c and d; HR deviations were not included. Source data are provided as a Source Data file. HR heart rate, SBP systolic blood pressure, ICU intensive care unit.