Fig. 5: In situ study of NO3RR mechanism.

In situ ATR-FTIR spectra of NO3RR on 4H/fcc Au–Cu BBNs-h (a), fcc Cu NPs (b), and 4H/fcc Au NWs (c) at different potentials. d In situ DEMS patterns of NO3RR on 4H/fcc Au–Cu BBNs-h. e Peak intensity comparison between the intermediates of *N, *NHOH, and *NOH. f Analysis of NO3RR pathways on 4H/fcc Au–Cu BBNs-h. Source data are provided as a Source data file.