Fig. 6: Practical application potentials of the nonradical oxidation.

a Removal of OA in different water samples within 60 min. b Reusability tests of CoNC-1000 for OA removal. c TOC removal efficiency of multiple model pollutants in the CoNC-1000/O₃ system. d 3D-EEM spectra of six PCW samples before and after 30 min in CoNC-1000/O₃ treatment. Reaction conditions: catalyst loading: 0.02 g L⁻¹; [OA]₀: 100 mg L⁻¹; [pollutants]₀: 15 mg L⁻¹; [anions]: 10 mM; [HA]: 10 mg L⁻¹; ozone flow rate: 100 mL min⁻¹; ozone concentration: 15 mg L⁻¹; temperature: 25 °C; initial pH: 3.0. e Schematic diagram of the continuous-flow catalytic unit. f OA and TOC/COD removal efficiency of PCW-1 in the CoNC-1000/O₃ continuous flow system. Reaction conditions: catalyst loading: 0.05 g; solution flow rate: 10 mL min⁻¹; ozone flow rate: 0.1 L min⁻¹; ozone concentration: 25 mg L⁻¹; [OA]₀: 100 mg L⁻¹; temperature: 25 °C. Error bars represent the standard deviations from three replicate measurements.