Fig. 1: Variation of electronegativity and atomic volume in solid solution systems.

a Normalized electronegativity difference (Allen scale) vs. normalized atomic volume difference when adding elements to pure Ni. Atomic volume were estimated based on atomic radius of pure elements⁴⁰; b Variation in crystalline lattice distortion (\(\delta\)) vs. electronegativity difference (Δχ) for the chosen alloys, with estimated values for \(\delta\) and Δχ according to⁴¹ and³⁰, respectively. E.D stands for electronegativity difference and A.V.D stands for atomic volume difference.