Table 3 Reference ranges of echocardiographic parameters according to sex and age

LV septal wall thickness, cm

0.5−0.98

0.56−1.06

0.64−1.15

0.54−1.01

0.53−1.11

0.59−1.2

LV diastolic internal diameter, cm

3.62−5.07

3.44−4.96

3.02−4.88

3.75−5.38

3.65−5.33

3.42−5.17

LV diastolic internal diameter indexed to BSA, cm/m²

2.31−3.32

2.16−3.32

2.16−3.36

2.25−3.26

2.18−3.21

2.03−3.26

LV end-diastolic volume (2-chamber), mL

51.28−131.83

49.05−117.43

34.96−94.77

64.84−148.15

58.87−150.9

48.42−136.53

LV end-diastolic volume (4-chamber), mL

48.19−111.9

46.72−105.14

33.08−100

55.98−131.73

56.46−128.71

41.99−136.92

LV end-diastolic volume (mean of the 4- and 2-chambers), mL

53.79−117.81

50.68−108.49

35.67−95.73

63.66−136.69

61.58−135.77

47.95−133.98

LV end-systolic volume (2-chamber), mL

17.1−41.01

11.77−43.74

10.64−34.35

15.48−57.49

16.39−55.91

9.18−58.31

LV end-systolic volume (4-chamber), mL

14.19−44.64

13.82−44.51

9.41−35.47

15.77−56.18

16.98–53.93

11.55−57.17

LV outflow tract area, cm²

2.1−4.15

2.06 − 3.96

2.01−3.52

2.55−4.56

2.61−4.58

2.44−4.52

LV outflow track diameter, cm

1.68−2.3

1.64−2.26

1.62−2.12

1.82−2.42

1.84−2.43

1.79−2.41

LVEF by monoplane Simpson (4-chamber), %

49.32−76.95

44.18−78.48

53.2−78.78

48.4−75.18

48.44−74.91

45.54−77

LVEF (Biplan), %

54.16−76.81

52.28−76.22

55.35−76.02

52.71−75.22

53.1−74.27

45.75−78.12

LV ejection volume (Biplan), mL

32.73−81.96

30.7−73.49

21.02−67.59

40.09−89.61

37.84−89.64

25.63−88.93

Cardiac output, L/min

2.63−7.11

2.66−6.24

1.92−5.76

2.9−6.56

2.56−7.07

2.54−6.45

Aortic sinotubular junction diameter, cm

1.91−2.78

2−3.06

1.89−3.17

1.9−2.97

2.09−3.31

2.31−3.39

Sinus of Valsalva diameter, cm

2.11−3.34

2.2−3.44

2.23−3.59

2.29−3.5

2.45−3.74

2.57−3.82

Ascending aorta diameter, cm

2.15−3.04

2.12−3.43

2.29−3.62

2.08−3.25

2.31−3.62

2.53−3.8

Aortic valve area, cm²

1.53−3.92

1.63−3.46

1.35−3.21

2.11−4.32

2.07−4.31

1.22−5.25

Aortic valve area indexed to BSA, cm²/m²

0.93−2.6

1.06−2.24

0.97−2.24

1.31−2.58

1.24−2.6

0.76−3.25

LA area (2-chamber), cm²

8.98−22

10−21.5

10.35−21.3

11.01−21.9

10.89−23.41

11.56−22.7

LA area (4-chamber), cm²

8.57−19.44

8.25−21.66

8.81−20.21

8.94−21.07

8.45−22.1

9.42−22.31

LA area (4-chamber) indexed to BSA, cm²/m²

5.69−12.42

5.79−13.62

5.98−14.38

5.53−12.6

5.14−13.18

5.51−14.05

LA volume, mL

14.89–62.95

16.27−65.99

23.86−59.06

21.86−63.24

19.8−71.67

23.84−70.3

LA volume indexed to BSA, mL/m²

10.56−39.53

11.48−41.9

15.34−42.97

14.54−37.23

12.27−42.66

14.17−43.89

RV basal diameter, cm

2.48−4.54

2.67−4.62

2.95−4.28

2.82−4.86

2.95−4.81

2.85 − 5.12

RV longitudinal diameter,  cm

2.34−3.71

2.36−3.77

2.36−3.86

2.33−3.87

2.57−4

2.64 − 3.86

RVOT prox, cm

2.28−3.62

2.45−3.76

2.33−3.76

2.42−3.78

2.49−3.91

2.54 − 3.93

RV end-diastolic area, cm²

8.2−17.11

7.67−17.66

7.7−16.31

9.4−21.22

9.28−20.48

8.75 − 19.83

RV end-systolic area, cm²

3.72−10.06

3.89−9.41

3.68−8.06

4.57−11.82

4.33−11.85

4.45 − 11.27

RA area, cm²

7.88−17.41

7.54−18.83

7.34−16.37

8.43−19.89

8.65−19.7

8.29 − 21.99

TAPSE, cm

1.87−3.23

1.77−3.38

1.73−2.73

1.76−3.35

1.77−3.2

1.6 − 3.25

IVC max diameter, mm

8.6−20.92

6.7−23.02

6.11−21.06

9.14−23.99

8.74−25.28

6.38 − 21.48

IVC min diameter, mm

1.9−13.82

1.43−14.8

0.97−11.55

2.57−18.05

2.37−17.49

1.33 − 14.03

IVC collapsibility index, %

(−0.33−2.46)

(−0.44−2.55)

(−6.43−10.63)

(−1.06−2.7)

(−0.46−2.23)

(−1.87 − 4.26)

IVC collapse percentage, %

18.22−76.06

15.13−77.36

20.76−84.61

5.83 − 71.56

11.17 − 72.87

10.72 − 78.46

Aortic valve peak velocity, cm/s

85.26−169.62

96.52−166.37

88.54−170.55

88.67−154.32

85.47−158.34

72.04−160.83

Mean aortic valve gradient, mmHg

1.49−6.69

1.79−6.5

1.69−5.98

1.65−5.48

1.47−5.73

1.28−5.51

Pulmonary artery pulsatility index

0.62−1.04

0.6−1.04

0.59−1.02

0.67−1.11

0.63−1.06

0.59−1.13

Pulmonary valve acceleration time, s

0.09−0.19

0.08−0.19

0.06−0.19

0.09−0.19

0.08–0.2

0.05−0.19

Peak TR velocity, cm/s^¥

148.13−269.81

140.69−292.71

175.24−288.54

130.22 − 286.8

149.16−285.38

167.03−293.9

Peak TR gradient, mmHg^¥

8.13−27.52

7.69−31.22

11.47−32.19

6.41−29.61

9.23−29.46

10.5−32.75

Peak S velocity TR, cm/s

10.02−17.13

9.38−16.94

8.41−15.19

9.41−16.93

9.42−16.31

8.44−17.18

Peak mitral inflow A velocity, cm/s

27.85−83.04

35.17−103.31

46.43−99.36

26.37−72.48

31.64−84.32

32.07−102.07

Peak mitral inflow E velocity, cm/s

48.7−123.78

44.91−114.16

38.63−90.72

48.14−117.5

44.23−103.48

30.15−102.89

E-wave deceleration slope, cm/s²

62.27−1052.18

148.76−779.13

120.88−551.21

125.83 −837.39

97.91−714.14

33.06−655.33

E-wave deceleration time, s

0.06–0.27

0.09−0.25

0.12−0.25

0.09−0.27

0.1−0.28

0.09−0.3

Lateral e’ velocity, cm/s

11.65−20.95

6.69−17.68

5.79−14.04

10.38−22.21

8.57−18.49

4.1−16.7

Septal e’ velocity, cm/s

5.27−18.15

5.07−12.73

3.96−10.25

6.81−14.98

5.85−12.54

3.83−11.81

E/A

0.64−2.57

0.32−2.12

0.49−1.33

0.74−2.77

0.67−1.97

0.4−1.66

Average e’ velocity, cm/s

9.31−18.7

5.89−15.03

5.45−11.57

9.29−17.9

7.63−15.03

4.25−13.96

E/e’ ratio (septal)

3.42−11.88

4.94–13.25

4.15−14.93

3.83−11.77

3.73−12.86

4.21−13.09

E/e’ ratio (lateral)

2.87−7.84

3.7−9.65

2.5−11.14

2.55−7.87

2.56−8.73

2.26−11.1

E/e’ ratio (average)

3.39−9.61

4.71−10.96

3.73−12.63

3.41−9.6

3.41−10.52

3.55−11.78