Fig. 4: Simulation and experimental results of PEM performance. | Nature Communications

Fig. 4: Simulation and experimental results of PEM performance.

From: Catastrophic localized deflagration formation mechanisms and safety precautions in proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer

Fig. 4: Simulation and experimental results of PEM performance.The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.

a MSD vs time curve of H3O+ in Nafion under different λ. 2D number-density maps of H2O and H3O+ in the X-Y plane (0.2 nm thickness) at different λ: b 4, c 8, d 16, and e 22. f Experimentally determined PEM’s σ under different temperatures and RH. g I–V curves comparing experimental data with simulated results using σ under normal λ and water starved (λ = 2) conditions. The inset shows an enlarged view of the data for λ = 2. h Temperature distribution contours along the X-Y coordinate plane under different operating conditions, with water flow direction indicated by the blue arrow. The upper panel shows normal operating conditions at 100 A, while the lower panel shows water starvation conditions (λ = 2) at 10 V, 23 A. Prefix letter: A-anode, C-cathode; CH channel; PTL porous transport layer; CL catalytic layers.

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