Fig. 5: Photocatalytic mechanism and selectivity of U6N@ZIS for H2O2 production.

a H2O2 yield by U6N@ZIS under different atmosphere to demonstrate the involvement of O2. b Trapping experiments with adding different scavengers for H2O2 photosynthesis by U6N@ZIS. c EPR spectra to detect •OH and •O2− radicals. d, e 18O2 isotope labeling experiments. “Water tank and GC-MS/MS images” from BioRender. Liu, F. (2025) https://BioRender.com/wrxgks9. f RRDE polarization curves. g Selectivity of H2O2 and the corresponding average number of transferred electrons. h, i In-situ DRIFTS spectra of U6N@ZIS under different irradiation time after purging the cell with O2. j O2 adsorption configuration on U6N@ZIS. k Calculated free energy diagrams of H2O2 evolution reaction through 2e- ORR pathway by U6N, ZIS, and U6N@ZIS. Source data for a–c and e–i are provided as a Source Data file.