Fig. 1: Suppressing optical oscillations through I-Sn-N coordination.

a Chemical structures of TAPB, TAPOB, and TPTA, and the corresponding electrostatic potential diagram and dipole moment. b–d Differential charge density profiles of TAPB, TAPOB and TPTA interacting with perovskites. e, f FTIR spectra of TPTA, TPTA/PbI2 and TPTA/SnI2. g Sn 3 d XPS spectra of control, TAPB modified, TAPOB modified and TPTA modified films. h–k Raman spectra of the control, TAPB, TAPOB and TPTA modified films.