Fig. 3: Performance and stability of NBG single-junction PSCs.

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the perovskite film without illumination and after illumination for 40 h, pristine perovskite film (a)and TPTA perovskite film(b). c, d Detailed analysis of the (100) diffraction peak of GIWAXS patterns of control and TPTA-treated Sn-Pb perovskite films at different grazing incidence angles (α = 0.1°−0.8°). Transient photocurrent (TPC) decay curves (e). Transient photovoltage (TPV) decay curves (f). g Trap density (Nt) values for control, TAPB-, TAPOB- and TPTA-incorporated Sn-Pb perovskite films determined using space-charge-limited current (SCLC) analysis. The statistical PCE of Sn-Pb PSCs with different treatments (h). J-V curves (i) of the best performing devices under control and modified with TAPB, TAPOB and TPTA. j The EQE spectra of control devices and target devices. k MPP tracking of control devices and devices with TPTA under 1 sun illumination in the N2 environment. l Long-term stability test of control devices and devices with TPTA Sn–Pb PSCs stored in an N2-filled glovebox.