Fig. 1: Cation effect in electrolytes.
From: Leveraging cation effect for low temperature aqueous Zn-based batteries
a Relationship of the interaction between cations and O (in water) with respect to the number of HBs and Tt. b Relationship of the interaction between cations and H (in water) with respect to the number of HBs and Tt. c Design concept for different types of cations to interact with water and decrease the number of HBs among water molecules. d Cation effect diagram of different cations versus the 1H chemical shift. The fixed cation concentration is 0.9 m. e The q/r2 values of various cations. The inset images show the ESP distribution for the structure of the cation-water mixture. f Calculated average ΔHB numbers among different cation systems when the temperature decreases from 25 to 0 °C and further decreases to −20 °C. g DSC curve of 4Al. The inset shows optical photographs of different AlCl3 concentrations at 25 and −70 °C.
