Fig. 2: Electrochemical performance of catalysts and various flow cells.
From: Membrane-free CO2 electrolyzer design for economically efficient formic acid electro-synthesis
a, b Half-reaction performance evaluated using a membrane-based flow cell with a three-electrode system. a The FEs of cathodic products and corresponding working potentials (E-iR; 85%-iR compensated) for Bi2O3 in 1 M KOH. b The FEs of GOR products and corresponding E-iR for NiV/Ni foam in 1 M KOH with 0.5 M glycerol addition. c, d Overall reaction performance evaluated using various flow cells with a two-electrode system across a current density range of 0.05–0.4 A cm–2. c Formate selectivity of the CO2 and glycerol co-electrolysis systems. d Electrical energy consumption for producing per mole of formate. e The stability test of the NOM-CO2R/GOR1.3 system for 313 h at 0.1 A cm–2 in 1 M KOH with 0.5 M glycerol addition at a flow rate of 5 mL min−1, and the inset in e corresponds to the optical image of channels in the graphite flow field at the cathode. Values are means, and error bars represent the standard deviation of three independent experiments. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
