Fig. 4: Design Principle and Electrochemical Performance of Ceramic-based Solid-state batteries under Ambient Conditions.

a The design principle of crosslinking GPE with enhanced physical and chemical interface for ceramic solid-state lithium batteries: (i) The additives change the Li chemical environment in the GPE, where the augmented crosslink density of GPE immobilizes the anion, thereby enhancing its oxidation stability and Li⁺ transference. (ii) The decomposition of additives forms F- and B-rich inorganic CEI layer, which effectively suppress interfacial side reactions, stabilize O, and prevent HF attack. (iii) The inorganic CEI and the GPE featuring high crosslink density alleviates GPE decomposition and gas generation, reducing physical contact loss (R represents alkyl group). b Voltage profiles of the Li|GPE-LATP-GPE|Li symmetric cells at 0.1 mA cm⁻² and 0.05 mAh cm⁻² (partial magnification shown in the inset). c Cycle performance of the Li|GPE-LATP-GPE | LLO in 2.0–4.7 V at 25 mA g⁻¹ and 30 °C (the voltage range of first cycle is 2.0–4.8 V). d Rate performance and subsequent cycle performance at 50 mA g⁻¹ of the Li|GPE-LATP-GPE | LLO batteries in 2.0–4.7 V. The above GPE all represents LDFB + LPF GPE. e Comparison of the electrochemical performance for the constructed LLOs-based SSLBs with halide, sulfide, and ceramic electrolytes. The source of the literature data shown in this figure can be found in Supplementary Table 6.