Fig. 4: Innate immune responses elicited by the inoculation of low DIPs and high DIPs LAIVs in the mouse upper respiratory tract as revealed by scRNA-seq. | Nature Communications

Fig. 4: Innate immune responses elicited by the inoculation of low DIPs and high DIPs LAIVs in the mouse upper respiratory tract as revealed by scRNA-seq.

From: Live attenuated influenza vaccine with low proportions of defective interfering particles elicits robust immunogenicity and cross-protection

Fig. 4: Innate immune responses elicited by the inoculation of low DIPs and high DIPs LAIVs in the mouse upper respiratory tract as revealed by scRNA-seq.

a Schematic illustration of the experimental workflow. Female 6–8-week-old BALB/c mice (n = 3) were inoculated with H3N2 low DIPs LAIV (5.25 × 106 EID50/mouse, 1.46 × 107 total particles/mouse), high DIPs LAIV (same STV, 5.25 × 106 EID50/mouse, 1.05 × 109 total particles/mouse), or placebo. b The expression of NP and HA genes of influenza virus in mouse turbinate quantified by RT-qPCR at 48 hpi (n = 5 biologically independent samples). Data are presented as the means ± SD. Statistical significance was calculated by two-sided Student’s t test. c Uniform manifold approximation and projection (UMAP) of single cells from the mouse nasal turbinate in all samples and the annotated cell clusters. The individual UMAPs of each group are shown in supplementary Fig. 3b. d Proportions of the individual cell clusters. e Relative expression of the top 51 innate immune-related DEGs in all cell clusters (three mice pooled per group). Specific upregulated DEGs in either the high DIPs or low DIPs groups were marked by purple or orange arrowheads. Group differences were assessed using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test, with p-values adjusted for multiple comparisons via the Benjamini‒Hochberg method. *P < 0.05. a created in BioRender. Su, W. (2025) https://BioRender.com/xuryb11. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

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