Fig. 5: Characterization of positive electrode morphology and the corresponding composition of Li||NCM811 cell after 50 cycles (1 C rate) at 60 °C (3.0–4.3 V).

SEM images of the NCM811 positive electrode side in a E-LiFAS and b E-base, scale bar is 2 μm. TEM images of the NCM811 positive electrode in c E-LiFAS (scale bar is 10 nm) and d E-base (scale bar is 20 nm). e, f XPS analysis of the cycled NCM811 positive electrode in different electrolytes. TOF-SIMS 3D reconstruction maps of C2HO-, C2H3O-, LiF2- and AlF4- in the different electrolytes: g E-base and h E-LiFAS.