Fig. 3: H-TriPy-based EC devices demonstrate enhanced cycling stability by dynamic π-stacking.

a, b Cycling stability mechanism of H-TriPy-based EC devices with IL or F-IL. Blue and grey spheres represent H-TriPy, pink pentagons with grey chains represent IL, pink pentagons with red chains represent F-IL, blue ovals represent Fc, and grey lines represent PMMA. c Long-term cyclic test of H-TriPy-based EC devices with IL (blue) or F-IL (red) at a fixed switching voltage (−1.4/0 V, 15/20 s), measured with air as the baseline (active area: 3.14 cm2). d CV curves of the F-IL/H-TriPy-based EC devices obtained before (blue) and after cycling (red) with an active area of 3.14 cm2. e The binding energy of the π-stacked H-TriPy+▪▪ (blue) and F-IL/H-TriPy+▪▪ (red). f Long-term cyclic test for the F-IL/H-TriPy-based large-area (25 cm × 40 cm) EC devices at a fixed switching voltage (−1.4/0 V, 70/410 s), measured with air as the baseline. g Transmittance spectra of F-IL/H-TriPy-based EC devices post-aging tests conducted under ambient conditions for 180 d and at 60 °C for 60 d, respectively, measured with air as the baseline (active area: 3.14 cm2).