Fig. 2: Chemical compositions and performance comparisons.

a Water contact angles (α) of QA and QFgels. High-resolution XPS (b) N 1 s and (c) F 1 s spectra of QA and QFgels. d Line scan results of element distributions of QA and QFgels (see Supplementary Fig. 26 for original SEM images). e Elemental analysis of QA and QFgels. f Electrostatic potential (ESP) maps of QA and QFgels, showing regions of higher and lower positive charge in red and blue, respectively, alone with ESP distribution shown as histogram. g Single-point PFAS sorption capacities of QA and QFgels in LW matrices ([PFAS]₀ was ~ 100 mg L⁻¹; sorbent dosage was 0.05 g L⁻¹; sorbent size was ~ 5 mm; reaction time was 48 h; and solution pH was 6.5). h PFAS removal efficiencies by of QA and QFgels in deionized water (DW), tap water (TW), and lake water (LW) ([PFAS]₀ was 1.0 μg L⁻¹; sorbent dosage was 0.1 g L⁻¹; sorbent size was ~ 5 mm; reaction time was 12 h; and solution pH was 6.5). Error bars represent the standard deviation of three repeated experiments, and central values are the data averages. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.