Fig. 1: Schematic illustration of urinary LAM detection by comparing the conventional method with the LIC system.

a The conventional methods require significant hands-on sample treatment, leading to potential delays to diagnose for tuberculosis (TB). Created in BioRender. Jung, H. (https://BioRender.com/8rz9zwn). b Detailed illustration of the LIC detection process for TB from urine samples. After urine collection and pretreatment, magnetic enrichment occurs to capture the target TB biomarkers using magnetic particles. TMB catalytic reaction leads to a color change for TB-positive samples. The results could be semi-quantitatively analyzed by comparing the color between control and result chamber.