Fig. 3: Design and investigation of fluid movement in LIC.

a The main components of LIC and (b) dimensions of the cartridge. c Schematic illustration of workflow for the detection conducted sequentially in assay operation module. The LAM detection could be started by adding reaction mixture into sample chamber from collection tube containing urine sample. The cartridge operation is initiated by winding up the switch and the gear system deliver constant power for rotating reaction cylinder. The rotation of the cylinder induces the enrichment of MB complex at the bottom of the channel located in the cylinder. Subsequently, the wastes and unbound apts are flushed out by using washing buffer transported from gravity. Next, the TMB reaction is derived by delivering TMB solution in the channel and it trigger oxidation of TMB. The blue color deepens as the number of oxTMB molecules increases. After the reaction cylinder is rotated for 5 min, the TMB solution is transported to the detection chamber to separate it from the complex. d Rack gear force at different angles of main gear. Each data point represents the mean ± SD of five independent technical replicates (n = 5), with each replicate corresponding to a distinct device. Error bars indicate standard deviation (SD). Measurements were collected at multiple angles, with each device as the independent experimental unit. e Angular velocity at different angles of the reaction cylinder. Data points show mean ± SD from five independent replicates (n = 5), each performed on a distinct device. Error bars indicate SD. Measurements were acquired at multiple time points, with each device as the independent experimental unit. f Leakage rate and contamination rate for operating cartridge by using various sealing methods. Data points show mean ± SD from five independent replicates (n = 5), each corresponding to an independent sealing assembly. Error bars indicate SD.