Fig. 3: Characterization of the LCO electrode stability.

In situ XRD evolution of (003) peak of LCO during 0.2 C charging in LiPF6 (a, b) and LiNFBS (c, d) based electrolytes. SEM images of the LCO electrodes after 50 cycles in LiPF6 (e) and LiNFBS (f) based electrolytes. Differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS) profiles of the LCO batteries during the charging process at 0.2 C with LiPF6 (g) and LiNFBS (h) based electrolytes. i Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) signals of the LCO electrode at different states. j O K-edge soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy (sXAS) spectra of the LCO electrode after different cycles.