Fig. 5: Differences in the efficacy of current LRAs in inducing viral reactivation of tissue reservoirs.

a Viral reactivation in ART-treated CD4⁺ T cells from tonsillar (TO), intestinal (GUT) and cervical (CVX) tissues. Graphs display the percentage of p24⁺ cells within CD4⁺ T cells in unstimulated (ART) and LRA-stimulated conditions: PMA and ionomycin (PMA+Iono), Ingenol (ING), Romidepsin (RMD), Ingenol and Romidepsin (I+R), Panobinostat (PNB), AZD5582 (AZD) and IL-15. N = 12, 13 and 11 biological replicates for tonsils, intestine and cervix. Percentages in ART were subtracted from those in each LRA-stimulated condition. Medians with quartiles are represented. Statistical comparisons between unstimulated and LRA-reactivated conditions were conducted. b Pie charts illustrating the contribution of LRAs to HIV reactivation in tonsillar and intestinal CD4⁺ T cells. N = 9 and 7 biological replicates for tonsils and intestine. Means are depicted. Statistical comparisons between tissues were performed. c SIMOA measurements of p24 in supernatants from tonsillar and intestinal CD4⁺ T cells HIV-infected (HIV+), ART-treated and ART-treated LRA-stimulated. N = 3 biological replicates per tissue. d Effect of LRAs on ART-treated tonsillar and intestinal CD4⁺ T-cell subpopulations. Graphs display the percentage of p24⁺ cells within clusters following stimulation with ING, I+R, AZD or IL-15. Percentages in ART were subtracted. N = 9 biological replicates per tissue. Medians with quartiles are represented. Statistical comparisons between unstimulated and LRA-reactivated conditions were conducted. e Pie charts illustrating the contribution of each cluster to total reactivated CD4⁺ T cells from tonsillar and intestinal tissues. Percentages were calculated as the proportion of p24⁺ cells in each cluster relative to total p24⁺ CD4⁺ T cells. N = 9 biological replicates per tissue. Median percentages are depicted, and statistical comparisons between tissues were conducted. Smaller pie charts represent the median percentage of each cluster within the LRA-stimulated CD4⁺ T-cell population. Statistical tests (all two-sided): Wilcoxon test (a, d); Mann-Whitney (b, e). Significance levels are indicated numerically or as *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001. All experiments except (c) were independently replicated, each run including tissue samples from distinct donors. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.