Fig. 1: Schematic representation and application of the patient-derived EoC.
a Illustration of endometrial architecture during the proliferative and secretory phases of the menstrual cycle, and the early phase of pregnancy, emphasising key events, including angiogenesis and trophoblast invasion at the initial stage of embryo implantation. Created in BioRender. Ahn, J. (2025) https://BioRender.com/bl56qhvb Schematic of the microfluidic chip design incorporating endometrial epithelial organoids, stromal cells, and endothelial cells to replicate in vivo endometrial tissue structure and function. c Step-by-step process for constructing the endometrial environment in the EoC model. d Immunofluorescence images showing expression of EpCAM (i-yellow), integrin αvβ3 (ii-red), OPN (iii-green), and F-actin (iv-white) with DAPI (blue) as nuclear counter-stain in the endometrial epithelial organoids (i-iii) or stromal cells (iv). Scale bar: 200 μ. e Representative stacked confocal images of a patient-derived EoC displaying immunofluorescence images of CD31 (red), F-actin (green), and EpCAM (white) with DAPI (blue). The sectional view displayed by x-z or y-z plane, showing the hollow lumen of the endothelial cell channel pointed with white arrowheads, scale bars: 200 µm. f An overview of the patient-specific EoC model, outlining the isolation of patient-specific endometrial samples, and their integration into the device for personalised evaluation of endometrial receptivity, including the assessment of key endometrial receptivity and angiogenesis markers integrated into the ERS2. Created in BioRender. Ahn, J. (2025) https://BioRender.com/bl56qhv.
