Fig. 3: Recapitulation of patient-specific endometrial environment within the EoC and development of endometrial receptivity scoring system, ERS².

a Schematic of experimental design patterning with patient-derived endometrial epithelial organoids and stromal cells in the EoC, replicating the patient’s unique endometrium. Created in BioRender. Ahn, J. (2025) https://BioRender.com/d88wxaub Information of patients whose cells were utilised to pattern within the EoCs. c Immunofluorescence (IF) images of the endometrial receptivity marker, integrin αvβ3 (red) and OPN (green) with DAPI (blue) in patient-derived EoC. Scale bar: 50 µm. Quantification of the intensity of integrin αvβ3 and OPN shown in (c) in a graph of (d) and (e), respectively (d; Normal vs. #B: p = 0.0005, Normal vs. #C: p = 0.0029/ e; Normal vs. #A: p < 0.0001, Normal vs. #C: p < 0.0001). n = 3 independent patient-derived EoCs. f IF images of the blood vessel (CD31; red) with DAPI (blue) in patient-derived EoC. Scale bar: 200 µm. Quantification of the area of angiogenic sprout (g) and blood vessels (h) (g; Normal vs. #A: p < 0.0001, Normal vs. #C: p < 0.0001/ h; Normal vs. #A: p = 0.0019, Normal vs. #B: p = 0.0109). n = 3 independent patient-derived EoCs. Data shown as mean ± SD and analysed by one-way ANOVA including P-values (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.