Fig. 6: Large-scale productions and sodium supplement strategies for cathodes prepared with the aqueous binder.

a Large-scale preparation of the NMT-10 cathode material. (I-Ⅱ) The precursor is weighed, mixed, and calcined in a high-temperature furnace to yield cathode powders, which are subsequently ball-milled and dispersed with solvent, binder, and conductive additives to form a homogeneous slurry. (Ⅲ-Ⅳ) The slurry is uniformly coated onto aluminum foil, dried, and calendered to obtain electrodes with optimized thickness, density, and mechanical properties for practical cell assembly. Electrochemical properties of Na | |PBAs-NMT10 half cells. b GCD curves at 0.02 A g⁻¹ in 1.5-4.3 V. c The detailed histograms of first charge specific capacity at different voltage ranges. d Rate performance of PBAs and NMT-10 with different composite ratios in 1.5-4.3 V. e Cycling performance of the Hard Carbon | |PBAs -NMT10 (1:2.52) coin-type full cell at 1.8-4.2 V.