Fig. 5: Biosafety and intestinal retention of HMs-Phages. | Nature Communications

Fig. 5: Biosafety and intestinal retention of HMs-Phages.

From: In situ gut microbiota editing: enhancing therapeutic efficacy for bacterial colitis by compatible oral hydrogel microspheres with phages

Fig. 5: Biosafety and intestinal retention of HMs-Phages.

a Schematic diagram of the co-culture system of microspheres and epithelial cells for biosafety assessment. b Cytotoxicity of HMs-Phages (SA/HA/ES-1) in Caco-2 and HT-29 cells after 24 h of co-incubation. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (n = 5 biological replicates). c Live/Dead staining of Caco-2 and HT-29 cells after co-culture with different concentrations of HMs-Phages (SA/HA/ES-1) for 24 h (n = 3 biological replicates with similar results). Live cells were stained green, and dead cells were stained red. Scale bar, 100 μm. d Representative histological images of major organs (heart, liver, spleen, lung, and kidney) stained with hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) in the Health and HMs-Phages groups (n = 3 biological replicates with similar results). Scale bar, 100 μm. e Retention of rhodamine B-labeled free phages and HMs-Phages (SA/HA/ES-1) in the murine gastrointestinal tract at different time points (n = 3 biological replicates per time point with similar results). HMs-Phages, hydrogel microspheres with phages. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

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