Table 2 Socio-demographic and -economic determinants of disengagement from care among men who have sex with men, cis-gender heterosexual men, and women

From: Harnessing registry data to identify socio-demographic and socio-economic gaps in HIV care in the Netherlands

 

MSM (n = 333)

Cisgender heterosexual men (n = 215)

Women (n = 157)

 

Probit coefficient (95%CI)

Adjusted probit coefficient (95%CI)1

Probit coefficient (95%CI)

Adjusted probit coefficient (95%CI)2

Probit coefficient (95%CI)

Adjusted probit coefficient (95%CI)3

Age

 <25 years

REF

REF

REF

REF

REF

REF

 25-49 years

0.59 (−0.12; 1.30)

0.82 (0.06;1.58)

−0.13 (−0.59; 0.32)

0.03 (−0.49; 0.55)

0.07 (−0.44; 0.59)

0.03 (−0.49; 0.55)

 50-74 years

0.27 (−0.44; 0.99)

0.55 (−0.21; 1.31)

−0.37 (−0.83; 0.08)

−0.23 (−0.76; 0.30)

−0.16 (−0.68; 0.36)

−0.23 (−0.76; 0.30)

 ≥75 years

0.14 (−0.64; 0.92)

0.39 (−0.44; 1.22)

−0.28 (−0.83; 0.27)

−0.37 (−1.13; 0.39)

−0.30 (−1.05; 0.45)

−0.37 (−1.13; 0.39)

Education level

 Primary

REF

 

REF

 

REF

 

 Secondary

−0.08 (−0.23; 0.07)

 

−0.23 (−0.39;−0.06)

 

−0.01 (−0.19; 0.18)

 

 College/university

−0.18 (−0.33;−0.03)

 

−0.33 (−0.53;−0.13)

 

−0.13 (−0.36; 0.09)

 

 Missing

−0.19 (−0.34;−0.04)

 

−0.36 (−0.52;−0.20)

 

0.04 (−0.14; 0.22)

 

Migration background4

 None

REF

 

REF

 

REF

 

 First generation

0.13 (0.03; 0.22)

 

0.14 (0.003; 0.28)

 

0.12 (0.001; 0.24)

 

 Second generation

0.23 (0.08; 0.37)

 

0.27 (0.04; 0.51)

 

5

 

Type of household

 Single

REF

REF

REF

 

REF

 

 Pair with/without children

−0.15 (−0.26;−0.05)

−0.06 (−0.17; 0.05)

−0.11 (−0.27; 0.04)

 

0.09 (−0.09; 0.28)

 

 Single parent/institutionalized/other

0.43 (0.25; .62)

0.38 (0.19;0.57)

0.32 (0.12; 0.52)

 

0.14 (−0.06; 0.33)

 

 Missing

1.07 (0.89; .25)

1.38 (1.10; 1.65)

1.26 (1.06; 1.46)

 

1.27 (0.94; 1.59)

 

Income

 High

REF

REF

REF

REF

REF

 

 Middle-low

0.13 (0.02; 0.24)

0.11 (−0.02; 0.23)

0.17 (−0.01; 0.36)

0.18 (−0.01; 0.37)

−0.01 (−0.21; 0.19)

 

 Below the poverty line6

0.48 (0.36; 0.60)

0.42 (0.29;0.56)

0.32 (0.13; 0.50)

0.33 (0.15; 0.52)

0.10 (−0.09; 0.30)

 

 Missing

0.72 (0.53; 0.92)

−0.39 (−0.71;−0.07)

1.01 (0.74; 1.27)

0.96 (0.71;1.21)

0.58 (0.32; 0.85)

 

Received social welfare

 No

REF

 

REF

 

REF

 

 Yes

0.13 (−0.02; 0.29)

 

−0.09 (−0.25; 0.08)

 

−0.10 (−0.26; 0.07)

 

Year of HIV diagnosis

 <2015

REF

 

REF

 

REF

 

 ≥2015

0.00 (−0.10; 0.10)

 

−0.08 (−0.22; 0.07)

 

−0.18 (−0.36; 0.01)

−0.23 (−0.43;−0.04)

Stage of HIV diagnosis

 Early/recent

REF

 

REF

 

REF

 

 Late/advanced

0.00 (−0.13; 0.12)

 

−0.09 (−0.37; 0.19)

 

−0.06 (−0.38; 0.27)

 

 Chronic/unknown

0.12 (0.002; 0.23)

 

0.14 (−0.13; 0.42)

 

0.07 (−0.25; 0.39)

 

Used mental health care7

 No

REF

REF

REF

 

REF

 

 Yes

−0.14 (−0.29; 0.01)

−0.20 (−0.36;−0.05)

−0.10 (−0.33; 0.13)

 

−0.09 (−0.34; 0.17)

 

Used antidepressants8

 No

REF

 

9

 

REF

 

 Yes

−0.26 (−0.44;−0.08)

   

−0.19 (−0.47; 0.09)

 

Used anti-psychotic medication8

 No

REF

 

9

 

REF

 

 Yes

0.01 (−0.23; 0.25)

   

−0.01 (−0.37; 0.35)

 
  1. CI confidence interval, HIV human immunodeficiency virus.
  2. 1. Education level, migration background, type of household, income, receival of social welfare, stage at HIV diagnosis, use of mental health care, and use of antidepressants were included in the initial multivariable model for MSM. Age was forced into the model.
  3. 2. Education level, migration background, type of household, and income were included in the initial multivariable model for cisgender heterosexual men. Age was forced into the model.
  4. 3. Migration background, year of HIV diagnosis, and use of antidepressants were included in the initial multivariable model for women. Age was forced into the model.
  5. 4. Based on the country of birth of the parents and the individual. Migration background was categorized as follows: Dutch: the individual and both parents were born in the Netherlands, or both parents were born in the Netherlands, but the individual was not. First-generation migration background: The individual and at least one parent were born abroad. Second-generation migration background: An individual born in the Netherlands who has at least one parent born abroad.
  6. 5. Due to the limited number of observations in some cells, the first and second migration backgrounds were combined, and therefore, only one coefficient is shown.
  7. 6. Defined as income according to the social minimum (the minimal amount of financial resources required to achieve a minimally acceptable lifestyle). The social minimum is determined and adjusted bi-annually by the Ministry of Social Affairs and Employment (https://www.uwv.nl/nl/toeslag/sociaal-minimum).
  8. 7. Defined as declared cost (>0 euro) for mental health care.
  9. 8. Use of medication for depression (ATC code N06A) or psychosis (ATC code N05A).
  10. 9. Coefficient not estimated due to the limited number of observations in some of the cells.
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