Fig. 6: Catalytic mechanism based on DFT calculations.

a Calculated CO2 adsorption energy. b Free energy of hydroxylated and non-hydroxylated Cu3Ni-MA. c Free energy of hydroxylated Cu3Ni-MA and Cu-MA. Energies of the transition states (TS) with respect to CO2 hydrogenation are shown, along with the corresponding calculated models (inset). d Schematic of the proposed mechanism. The grey, blue, yellow, red, pink, and brown balls represent Ni, Cu, Mg, O, H, and C atoms, respectively.