Fig. 5: Programmable engineering of magnetic networks and their magnetic properties.

a The SEM image of the cobalt network electrodeposited by the programmed voltage. The superimposed red curve is the height profile measured by AFM. The dotted blue and red arrows indicate the correlation between signals and growth patterns. b The macroscopic SEM view of the network. c, Topographic micrograph of the network measured by AFM. d The corresponding magnetic domain patterns of the network in the as-grown state. e The enlarged MFM of the dotted square in d superposed with topography information as indicated by the dotted square in (c). f, Topographic micrograph of the network measured by AFM of the same network. g The magnetic domain patterns at remanence after exposure to a 0.1 T magnetic field along the direction as shown by the white arrow in (f). h The enlarged MFM of the dotted square in (g) superposed with topography information as indicated by the dotted square in (f). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.