Fig. 1: Scheme of CH3OH synthesis.

a Scheme of low-temperature CH3OH synthesis through the indirect transformation of CO2 with DMC as the bridge. b Bond energy of the C=O bond in CO2 and the C–O bond in DMC molecules.

a Scheme of low-temperature CH3OH synthesis through the indirect transformation of CO2 with DMC as the bridge. b Bond energy of the C=O bond in CO2 and the C–O bond in DMC molecules.