Fig. 3: Proteomic profiling of tumor and healthy control EVPs.
A Protein characterization shows the presence of GFAP (glial marker) and TSG101 (exosome marker) in patient but not in healthy control plasma. All samples are devoid of cellular contamination (negative calnexin). B Proteomic profiling of EVPs derived from GBM patients (n = 7) and healthy controls (n = 3) identified disease-specific expression patterns. Shown is a circos plot of all detected genes across two groups. C The first principal component of proteomics data accounted for 49% of the total variability, and was sufficient to separate GBM patient EVPs (red) from healthy control EVPs (blue). D A volcano plot of differentially expressed genes identified proteins with significant fold changes compared to healthy controls. Significant up or downregulated genes are highlighted in red (identified by thresholding at |log2FC| > 1 and adjusted p-value < 0.05) with the top three genes labeled. Statistical analyses were performed with DESeq2 using the two-sided Wald test. E GBM patient-derived EVPs exhibited significant down-regulation of APOC1 and DMKN, and upregulation of SERPINA3, which most closely matched expression patterns seen in malignant cells of the GBM microenvironment based on scRNA-seq data41. Expression values for each column are normalized to show the range of each gene across cell types. For each panel, source data are provided as a Source Data file.
