Fig. 2: Epidemiology of the circulating clades and the protective effect of existing vaccines.
From: Dominant substitutions underlying the antigenic evolution of H5 influenza virus
a Epidemiology of different clades of the H5 influenza virus antigenic cluster. The figure depicts the epidemiology of each clade over time, the distribution of human infections across the various clades, and the proportion of documented human infections in each clade since 2021. b Geographical distribution of clades 2.3.2.1a, 2.3.2.1c, 2.3.4.4b, and 2.3.4.4 h and the composition of different NA subtypes and hosts. c Analysis of the neutralization of clade 2.3.2.1a, 2.3.2.1c, 2.3.4.4b, and 2.3.4.4 h strains by of 28 immunized serum. The dotted line represents a neutralizing antibody titer of 1000. Strains from different clades are shown in different colors. Circles in the columns indicate the different strains in the clade (n = 3 (clade 2.3.2.1a), 10 (clade 2.3.2.1c), 29 (clade 2.3.4.4b) and 9 (clade 2.3.4.4 h)). Values were shown as geometric means with geometric standard deviations (SD). The results are based on 2-3 technical replicates. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
