Fig. 2: Sensing mechanism of the FSSMS (flexible single-channel strain/strain rate-temperature multimodal sensor).

Measured output voltage signals of the sensor under: (a) temperature stimuli, (b) stress stimuli and (c) stress and temperature stimuli. Simplified charge distribution models for (d) straight Te NW and those bent in the (e) positive ([110]) and (f) negative ([\(\bar1\,\bar10\)]) piezoelectric directions. (g–i) Illustration of the sensor’s sensing mechanism in (a–c). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.