Fig. 5: Strain/strain rate-Temperature sensing properties of the FSSMS (flexible single-channel strain/strain rate-temperature multimodal sensor).

Measured output voltage signals of different strain under 4.3% s⁻¹ strain rate (a) and different strain rate under 0.264% strain (b) when ΔT = 2.5 K. Statistic voltage values of different temperature difference and different strain under 4.3% s⁻¹ strain rate (c) and different strain rate under 0.264% strain d. The error bars (mean ± standard deviation) were obtained based on three independent tests. e Effect of external electric field on the positions of positive and negative charge centers in a bent nanowire. (i) Schematic model of the bent Te NW. Distribution of positive and negative charge centers: (ii) without an electric field, (iii) with an electric field aligned with the piezoelectric direction of bending, and (iv) with an electric field opposite to the piezoelectric direction of bending. f Electric dipole moment along the [110] lattice direction of bent Te NW under an external electric field. 1 a.u. = 1 Hartree/e/Bohr = 51.4 V/ang. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.