Fig. 1: L-Dopa sensing system for in vivo PK monitoring.

a Schematic of the in vivo L-Dopa sensing system, including a nanoMIP fiber sensor implanted subcutaneously for real-time ISF monitoring and a wearable flexible printed circuit board (FPCB) patch for DPV detection. The fiber sensor consists of a nanoMIP-coated spindle-shaped CNT fiber (SSCNTF), a CNT fiber (CNTF), and an Ag/AgCl-coated CNTF. b Schematic of PK optimization through timely dosage intervention guided by real-time L-Dopa monitoring. c Sensing mechanism: the nanoMIP shell specifically binds L-Dopa molecules, while the CNT core transduces the redox signal during L-Dopa oxidation. d TEM showing the core-shell nanostructure composed of a nanoMIP shell and CNT core. e Three-dimensional structure characterization of the nanoMIP fiber by X-ray tomography scanning (left). X-ray tomography of the nanoMIP fiber under 0% and 20% strain, with reconstructed images and surface area comparisons. f Electroactive surface area characterization before and after 20% stretching. g Photo of a rat model undergoing real-time L-Dopa PK monitoring using the sensing system. Inset: flexible printed circuit board (FPCB) patch. h Correlation between the nanoMIP fiber sensor and an electrochemical working station. Current signals were measured by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) in simulated body fluid containing 20–80 μM L-Dopa. i DPV curves detected before (0 min) and after L-Dopa injection (40 min). Oxidation peak currents were used to calculate L-Dopa concentration. j L-Dopa PK profile following 0.12 mg·g⁻¹ dosing.