Fig. 4: Electrocatalytic performances for urea synthesis in a three-electrode flow cell.

(catholyte: CO2-saturated 0.5 M KHCO3 with 0.5 M KNO3, catalyst loading: 1.0 mg cm-2, pH: 7.4 ± 0.3; temperature: 25 °C; measured resistance: 1.5 ± 0.2 Ω, without IR compensation) (a) Schematic diagram for a three-electrode flow cell (WE, RE and CE were working electrode, reference electrode and counter electrode). b LSV curves over Ag67Cu33. c Urea yield rate and FE on Ag67Cu33 at different applied potentials. d FE for all products on Ag67Cu33 (from the bottom up, the sequence was NO2-, NH3, Urea, CO and H2). e Comparison of the urea yield rate of our work with the latest literatures in the flow cell. f Chronoamperometric curves, urea yield rate and FE of Ag67Cu33 at -0.52 V for 24 h. Source data for Fig. 3 are provided as a Source Data file.