Fig. 5: GDF15 at baseline and after 26 weeks by treatment group.

Metformin significantly increased growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) compared to placebo (estimated treatment difference 382 pg/mL [95% CI 59–704]; p = 0.001). Analyses are two-sided using generalized linear mixed modelling without adjustment for multiple testing. Data are presented raw as means and 95% confidence intervals and were available for n = 20 placebo and n = 19 metformin at baseline, n = 18 placebo and n = 18 metformin at 26 weeks.