Table 1 Basic characteristics of the cohort 1 and cohort 2

From: Metabolomics of saliva, serum, and urine for pathogenesis, diagnosis, and prognosis in gestational diabetes mellitus

 

Cohort 1 (Saliva)

Cohort 1 (Serum)

Cohort 1 (Urine)

Cohort 2

GDM (n = 104)

Non-GDM (n = 104)

P-value

GDM (n = 116)

Non-GDM (n = 116)

P-value

GDM (n = 58)

Non-GDM (n = 58)

P-value

GDM (n = 50)

Non-GDM (n = 50)

P-value

Maternal age (years)

32.9 ± 4.0

32.6 ± 2.4

0.950

32.8 ± 3.7

32.9 ± 2.3

0.762

33.1 ± 3.6

33.1 ± 2.4

1.000

32.5 ± 3.7

33.1 ± 2.2

0.055

Gravidity

  

0.262

  

1.000

  

1.000

  

0.893

≤1

74 (71.2)

82 (78.8)

 

88 (75.9)

89 (76.8)

 

44 (75.9)

43 (74.1)

 

41 (82.0)

37 (74.0)

 

>1

30 (28.8)

22 (21.2)

 

28 (24.1)

27 (23.2)

 

14 (24.1)

15 (25.9)

 

9 (18.0)

13 (26.0)

 

Parity

  

0.657

  

0.545

  

0.526

  

0.710

Primipara

72 (69.2)

68 (65.4)

 

83 (71.6)

80 (69.0)

 

54 (93.1)

51 (87.9)

 

39 (78.0)

30 (60.0)

 

Multipara

32 (30.8)

36 (34.6)

 

33 (28.4)

36 (31.0)

 

4 (6.9)

7 (12.1)

 

11 (22.0)

20 (40.0)

 

Education

  

0.523

  

0.096

  

0.525

  

0.891

High school and below

15 (14.4)

28 (26.9)

 

17 (14.7)

28 (24.1)

 

13 (22.4)

17 (29.3)

 

7 (14.0)

3 (6.0)

 

Bachelors and above

89 (85.6)

76 (73.1)

 

99 (85.3)

88 (75.9)

 

45 (77.6)

41 (70.7)

 

43 (86.0)

47 (94.0)

 

Family history of diabetes

13 (12.5)

1 (1.0)

0.002

10 (8.6)

0 (0.0)

0.016

5 (8.6)

1 (1.7)

0.177

6 (12.0)

1 (2.0)

0.112

BMI (kg/m2)

24.6 ± 3.3

24.2 ± 1.8

0.279

24.5 ± 3.1

23.7 ± 2.9

0.124

24.4 ± 2.8

24.0 ± 2.0

0.378

24.7 ± 2.8

24.1 ± 2.4

0.284

Gestational weeks

25.3 ± 1.3

25.5 ± 1.3

0.749

25.3 ± 1.4

25.0 ± 1.6

0.530

25.3 ± 1.3

25.5 ± 1.5

0.460

24.7 ± 1.0

24.9 ± 1.8

0.404

FBG (mmol/L)

4.7 ± 0.6

4.3 ± 0.4

<0.001

4.8 ± 0.6

4.3 ± 0.3

<0.001

4.8 ± 0.5

4.1 ± 0.4

<0.001

4.6 ± 0.5

4.3 ± 0.3

<0.001

1h-BG (mmol/L)

10.3 ± 1.5

7.9 ± 1.2

<0.001

10.6 ± 1.5

7.3 ± 1.3

<0.001

10.6 ± 1.4

7.2 ± 1.0

<0.001

10.2 ± 1.5

7.5 ± 1.4

<0.001

2h-BG (mmol/L)

9.3 ± 1.3

6.7 ± 0.6

<0.001

9.1 ± 1.2

6.2 ± 1.0

<0.001

8.9 ± 1.1

6.6 ± 0.6

<0.001

9.2 ± 1.0

6.3 ± 1.0

<0.001

HbA1c (%)

5.5 ± 0.3

5.3 ± 0.2

<0.001

5.3 ± 0.5

5.2 ± 0.4

0.094

5.3 ± 0.4

5.2 ± 0.3

0.131

5.5 ± 0.3

5.3 ± 0.4

0.006

HOMA-IR*

1.5 ± 0.9

1.2 ± 0.4

0.037

1.6 ± 0.8

1.2 ± 0.4

0.029

1.7 ± 1.3

1.4 ± 0.5

0.181

1.8 ± 1.0

1.2 ± 0.4

0.007

  1. Continuous variables are shown as mean ± standard deviation; categorical variables are shown as frequency (percentage). Continuous variables were compared using two-sided t-tests with FDR correction for multiple comparisons. Categorical variables were analyzed using chi-square tests with Yates’s correction for continuity, as appropriate. GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; BMI, body mass index; FBG, fasting blood glucose; 1h-BG, blood glucose after 1 h; 2h-BG, blood glucose after 2 h; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance. *Some of the insulin data in cohort 1 were missing. A total of 63 GDM and 77 non-GDM in the saliva cohort, 114 GDM and 115 non-GDM in the serum cohort, and 58 GDM and 58 non-GDM in the urine cohort were included in the HOMA-IR analysis.
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