Fig. 1: Effect of carbonate-containing electrolytes on the OER activity of oxyhydroxide catalysts.

a Schematic illustration showing the wide application of carbonate-containing electrolytes in renewable energy conversion and storage and the possible interaction of carbonate cations with the classic oxyhydroxide anode; η10 (the overpotential at 10 mA cm−2) of classic oxyhydroxide OER catalysts in b “CO32--looping” and c and “CO32--CV-looping” tests in 0.1 M KOH solutions with varying CO32- concentrations. All measurements were conducted at 25 °C with a scan rate of 5 mV s−1. The error bars represent the standard deviations from six independent experiments.