Fig. 4: DEMS tests of TMOOH-xCO32-.

a Spectrometric signals of 32O2 and 34O2 recorded in the cyclic voltammetric scan between 0.86 and 1.66 V vs. RHE for various model catalysts in 0.1 M KOH solution with a scan rate of 1 mV s−1; b comparison of 34O2/32O2 and proton reaction order among model catalysts; c spectrometric signals of 32O2 and 34O2 recorded in pristine catalysts biased at 1.66 V vs. RHE; the CO32- concentration in the 0.1 M KOH electrolyte is sequentially switched from 0 M to 0.01 M, 0.05 M, 0.10 M, and 0.20 M under operando conditions.