Fig. 5: XAS spectra and Ov formation energy of the model catalysts.

a, b Co and Ni K-edge XANES spectra; c Fourier transforms of K3-weight Co and Ni K-edge FT-EXAFS spectra; d wavelet transforms for the K3-weight Co and Ni K-edge EXAFS signals; e the fitting bond length data; f Ov (oxygen vacancy) formation energy of CoOOH and NiCoOOH with different degrees of carbonate ion intercalation.